Invalidity is the position of a legal act which is illegally and lacks the effects which are excepted if it was valid. In fact invalid legal act is an act lacking one of the basic elements. It can not take effect by subsequent authorization too.In this paper, we want to analyse and criticise the concept of invalid contract and its diffrences with concepts such as corruption, suspension and etc in the law of Iran and Egypt.

Introduction: Evaluation of university faculty members which is aimed to improve teaching quality is performed through several methods. One of the most common and conflicting methods is faculty evaluation by students. This method is commonly used in most universities in spite of controversy over its validity. This paper presents a glance at the current research literature on the viewpoints of faculty members toward their evaluation by students.Methods: This study is a literature review performed using library studies and electronic databases. First, 64 articles in the area of faculty member evaluation were studied. Out of these articles, 42 ones were selected which met the inclusion criteria. The inclusion criteria encompassed articles related to teacher evaluation, faculty members, and students’ viewpoints toward teaching approaches of faculties, teachers’ characteristics, classroom management, teachers’ communication skills and their relationship with students.Using the keywords of evaluation, student, faculty member, and university, we searched in journals such as Iranian Journal of Medical Education, Journal of Research and Planning in Higher Education, Knowledge and Research in Education, and other specialized journals in medical education area. Using scientific search engines such as Iran Medex, Magiran, SID, PubMed, Google Scholar, ISC, Medline, and Scopus the articles published or indexed between 1991 and 2010 were retrieved. Other papers which evaluated teachers and faculty members from other aspects or via other viewpoints were excluded.Results: The results were presented in three parts as “proponent to faculty evaluation by students”, “opponent”, and “teaching conditions affecting teacher evaluation by students”. The results showed that evaluation of teaching process must consider six aspects of content, students’ learning, classroom behavior, curriculum and materials, knowledge of faculty member, student characteristics (including material, students with high or low background, and postgraduate students), self-evaluation by the faculty member, evaluation by colleagues, educational administrators, and educational consultants and it must be compatible to organizational goals.Conclusion: The viewpoints of most faculty members of national universities and other countries states that they basically consider evaluation by their students as a valuable and reliable source of information for feedback to teachers in order to improve the quality of education. But, they believe that interventional factors should be identified and considered in this method. They also believed that teacher evaluation by students should be a part of comprehensive evaluation system of faculty members. But if the evaluation results are going to be utilized in commendation and promotion of faculty members, it would be better to employ other evaluation methods comprehensively.

The complexity of innovation system problems and the diversity of policy instruments have changed the focus of policymakers from finding the best instruments to formulating instruments packages. The packages envelope instruments which together and in combination have the most positive impact on the policy objectives. This change has been accompanied by the "policy mix" concept which refers to the interactions and interdependencies between policy instruments influencing the level of policy goal achievement. The design of a policy mix has to maximize the synergies and minimize potential contradictions between the instruments in order to maximize the effectiveness. Examining the exact interactions between policy tools needs the implementation of the policy mix, monitoring and its ex-post evaluating. Therefore, designing a policy mix is a dynamic process and depends on the feedbacks from implementation process, which in parallel with the multiplicity of the available alternatives necessitates the application of systematic approaches to design a policy mix.

In both of his logical books, Qisṭās al-afkār and its self-commentary Sharḥ al-Qisṭās, Shams al-Dīn Samarqandī presents two versions of mixed ḥaqīqī-khārijī syllogisms. In previous papers, we discussed these two versions and demonstrated that both contain numerous errors. As a result, neither version provides a correct and comprehensive analysis of mixed ḥaqīqī-khārijī syllogisms. In this paper, we aim to present the accurate conclusions of mixed syllogisms. By adhering to the principles accepted by Arabic logicians, including Samarqandī, our version should be beyond objection and can be considered a wholly correct interpretation of mixed ḥaqīqī-khārijī syllogisms. We will examine the khārijī-ḥaqīqī and ḥaqīqī-khārijī mixes separately within each of the four traditional figures of syllogism. We will determine the sterile and productive mood-mixes on a case-by-case basis and elucidate the true conclusions of each productive mood-mix individually. The systematic study of counterexamples for the sterile mood-mixes will be deferred to future research.

Background and Objectives: Nowadays, the academic integrity suffers from invalid science. Researchers may use this bogus research and conduct their studies based on them, and present invalid findings. Identifying main factors which lead to junk science propagation can be important and this study aimed to determine factors which are affecting the propagation of junk science by using phenomenography.Materials and Methods: This study used phenomenography, a qualitative research methodology, by purposive sampling. The research was conducted by interview as the main tool for data collection and included 12 participants. Participants were the researchers who had knowledge and experience in the domain. During the research, 8 descriptive categories were identified and final findings were presented in outcome space.Results: There are different factors affecting the propagation of invalid science and by considering publishing process, we can classify them in the three stages including: creating, evaluating, and publishing science. The results of this study are presented in the form of a process that shows how these factors are related to each other.Conclusion: Based on this study findings, we can conclude that creating, evaluating, and publishing scientific materials should be considered to prevent propagation of invalid science. Also, we should consider both low and high-quality journals plus ethical and dishonest researchers.

The aim of this research is to study the effects of services marketing mixes on the promotion of services quality and the increase of investment in Tehran Stock Exchanges by developing new marketing mixes. Due to the questions developed and the fact that the researcher is to study the differences and similarities between the researches done previously, the objectives of this research are based on the methodology applied. The methodology is descriptive-survey using a qualitative approach to complete the information related to the subject including samples selection, data collection, data analysis, answering the research questions and conclusion. To answer the research questions, the researchers use the documents, conversations and serious interviews. The size and number of the samples are uncertain, so Theory Saturation is used as sampling method and all departments engaged are interviewed to increase the validity and reliance of the research.To analyze the data collected, Qualitative approach, Milers and Huberman method will be used. The research findings represented that marketing mixes services are used completely in Tehran Stock Exchanges and they have great effects on the increase of the quality. Also, the results of the research 5 questions indicate that the following 3 factors can be considered as new mixes of financial marketing: liquidity and transparency, approval of instructions, rules and provisions facilitating the investment and diversity of the companies listed in Tehran Stock Exchanges.